Dialkyl tryptamines and their therapeutic uses

ABSTRACT

The disclosure relates to a compound of formula (I):The disclosure also relates to a compound of formula (Ia):The disclosure relates to compositions comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) and an excipient. The disclosure also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) where the excipient is a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The disclosure further relates to therapeutic uses of compounds of formula (I) or formula (Ia).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation-in-Part Application of PCT International Application No. PCT/US2021/062331, filed on Dec. 8, 2021, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/123,203, filed on Dec. 9, 2020, and to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/248,033, filed on Sep. 24, 2021, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to tryptamines derivatives, compositions and pharmaceutical compositions containing them as well as their use in treating various diseases.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Psilocybin is a breakthrough drug that has received FDA approval for therapeutic applications. Psilocybin is one of several naturally occurring psychoactive tryptamines found in “magic” mushrooms. When consumed by humans, psilocybin serves as a prodrug of psilocin. Psilocin is a potent serotonin 2a-agonist, which is responsible for its psychoactive properties (Dinis-Oliveira, 2017; Nichols, 2012). Upon digestion, psilocybin hydrolyzes to generate psilocin. Psychoactive tryptamines like psilocin have garnered significant interest recently because of their potential for treating mood disorders, including depression, anxiety, addiction, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (Johnson & Griffiths, 2017; Carhart-Harris & Goodwin, 2017). But psilocin is only one specific dialkyltryptamine. And until this disclosure, there has been an unmet need for pure, well-characterized dialkyltryptamines, including specific salts, solvates, and crystalline forms thereof.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The disclosure relates to a compound of formula (I):

wherein

-   R₁ and R₂ are each independently a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a C₂-C₆ alkenyl; -   one of R₃ and R₄ is hydrogen and the other of R₃ and R₄ is chosen     from —OR₅, —OC(O)R₅, —OC(O)OR₅, or —OSO₂R₅; -   R₅ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and -   R₆, R₇ and R₈ are each independently selected from hydrogen or a     C₁-C₆ alkyl; -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid-addition salt thereof.

The disclosure also relates to a compound of formula (la):

wherein

-   R_(1a) and R_(2a) are each independently a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a C₂-C₆     alkenyl; -   R_(3a) and R_(4a) are each independently selected from hydrogen,     —OR_(5a), —OC(O)R_(5a), —OC(O)OR_(5a), and —OSO₂R_(5a); -   R_(5a) is a C₁-C_(s) alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl; -   R_(6a), R_(7a) and R_(8a) are each independently selected from     hydrogen or a C₁—C_(s) alkyl; -   R_(9a) is hydrogen; and -   X²⁻ pharmaceutically-acceptable dianion.

The disclosure relates to compositions comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) and an excipient. The disclosure also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) where the excipient is a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The disclosure further relates to a method of preventing or treating a psychological disorder comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) or of a pharmaceutical composition containing the compound.

The disclosure also relates to a composition comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of as a first active component: a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure; and as a second active component selected from (a) a serotonergic drug, (b) a purified psilocybin derivative, (c) one or two purified cannabinoids and (d) a purified terpene, (e) an adrenergic drug, (f) a dopaminergic drug, (g) a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, (h) a purified erinacine, and (i) a purified hericenone; and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

The disclosure also relates to methods of preventing or treating inflammation and/or pain, preventing or treating a neurological disorder, modulating activity of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), modulating neurogenesis, or modulating neurite outgrowth comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia), and to administering a pharmaceutical composition or a composition according to the disclosure.

The disclosure also relates to methods of preventing or treating sexual health disorders including, but not limited to, hypoactive sexual desire disorder, hyperactive sexual desire disorder, orgasmic disorder, arousal disorder, vaginismus, and dyspareunia. In some embodiments, the disorder is a male sexual dysfunction disorder. In some embodiments. the disorder is a female sexual dysfunction disorder.

The disclosure also relates to methods of preventing or treating womens’ health disorders including, but not limited to, menstrual cramping, dysmenorrhea, post-hysterectomy pain, vaginal or vulvar vestibule mucosa disorder, vaginal atrophy, or vulvar vestibulitis.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Compounds of the Disclosure

This disclosure relates to tryptamine compounds of formula (I):

wherein

-   R₁ and R₂ are each independently a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a C₂-C₆ alkenyl; -   one of R₃ and R₄ is hydrogen and the other of R₃ and R₄ is chosen     from —OR₅, —OC(O)R₅, —OC(O)OR₅, or —OSO₂R₅; -   R₅ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and -   R₆, R₇ and R₈ are each independently selected from hydrogen or a     C₁-C₆ alkyl; -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid-addition salt thereof.

In formula (I), R₁ and R₂ are each independently a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a C₂-C₆ alkenyl. R₁ and/or R₂ may be a straight chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, for example a straight chain C₁-C₆ alkyl, or a straight chain or branched C₂-C₆ alkenyl, for example allyl, 2-butenyl, etc. In some embodiments, R₁ and/or R₂ may be a straight chain or branched C₁-C₄ alkyl, for example a straight chain C₁-C₄ alkyl, or a C₂-C₄ alkenyl. R₁ and/or R₂ may be selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl or tert-butyl. In other embodiments, R₁ and/or R₂ may be methyl, ethyl, propyl or isopropyl.

In formula (I), one of R₃ and R₄ is hydrogen and the other of R₃ and R₄ is chosen from —OR₅, —OC(O)CH₂R₅, —OC(O)OR₅, and —OSO₂R₅. When R₃ or R₄ are C₁-C₆ alkoxy group, or in some embodiments a C₁-C₄ alkoxy group, it may be a straight chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkoxy group or C₁-C₄ alkoxy group, for example a straight chain, and may be methoxy or ethoxy. R₅ is a straight chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl. R₅ may be a straight chain or branched C₁-C₄ alkyl, for example a straight chain C₁-C₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or n-butyl, and for example is methyl or ethyl. R₅ may also be a substituted or unsubstituted aryl. An aryl is a 6- to 14-membered aromatic ring, preferably a 6- to 10-membered aromatic ring and includes polycyclic ring systems in which two or more carbon atoms are common to adjoining rings where at least one ring is aromatic. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl and phenantherenyl. An aryl group may be substituted with one or more C₁-C₄ alkyl or perfluoralkyl groups, C₁-C₄ hydroxyalkyl groups, hydroxyl groups, nitro groups or halo groups (e.g. F, CI, I or Br). An aryl group may be ortho-, meta- and/or para-substituted, preferably para-substituted. When an aryl group is substituted with one or more straight chain or branched C₁-C₄ alkyl perfluoralkyl groups the group may be methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, 3-pentyl or tert-butyl or the group may be methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, or tert-butyl. When R₃ or R₄ is —OR₅, —OC(O)R₅, —OC(O)OR₅, or —OSO₂R₅, R₅ may be a methyl (except when R₃ is —OC(O)R₅, R₅ is not methyl), a tert-butyl, a phenyl, a benzyl, a para-halophenyl or a para-tolyl group.

R₆, R₇ and R₈ in formula (I) are each independently hydrogen or a C₁-C₆ alkyl, for example a straight chain or branched C₁-C_(s) alkyl. In some embodiments, R₆, R₇ and R₈ are each independently selected hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, and isobutyl. In other embodiments, R₆, R₇ and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be any acid (e.g. HX) addition salts. The anion, X⁻, may be any pharmaceutically acceptable anion, for example, CI, I⁻, Br⁻, ascorbate, or hydrofumarate, and the like. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be prepared by anion exchange techniques known in the art to exchange the iodide anion for a desired pharmaceutically acceptable anion. For example, the iodide anion may be exchanged using an anion exchange resin.

Exemplary compounds of formula (I) are those where one of R₃ and R₄ is hydrogen and the other R₃ and R₄ is -OSO₂R₅.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are those with the proviso that when R₃ is hydrogen and R₄ is —OSO₂R₅, R₁ and R₂ are both ethyl, and R₃, R₆ and R₇ are all hydrogen, R₅ is not methyl, phenyl, or para-tolyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where R₃ is —OC(O)R₅ and R₄ is hydrogen, with the proviso that R₅ is not methyl when R₁ and R₂ are methyl and R₆, R₇, and R₈ are hydrogen.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where R₃ is —OC(O)R₅ and R₄ is hydrogen, with the proviso that R₅ is not methyl when one of R₁ and R₂ is methyl and the other of R₁ and R₂ is ethyl and R₆, R₇, and R₈ are hydrogen.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where R₃ is —OC(O)R₅ and R₄ is hydrogen, with the proviso that R₅ is not methyl when one of R₁ and R₂ is methyl and the other of R₁ and R₂ is allyl and R₆, R₇, and R₈ are hydrogen.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where R₃ is —OC(O)R₅ and R₄ is hydrogen, with the proviso that R₅ is not methyl when R₁ and R₂ are allyl and R₆, R₇, and R₈ are hydrogen.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where R₃ is -OSO₂R₅ and R₄ is hydrogen.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where one of R₃ and R₄ is hydrogen and the other R₃ and R₄ is —OC(O)OR₅.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where R₃ is hydrogen and R₄ is —OC(O)R₅, wherein R₅ is selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where R₃ is hydrogen and R₄ is —OR₅, with the proviso that R₅ is not methyl when R₁ and R₂ are propyl and R₆, R₇, and R₈ are hydrogen.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where R₃ is hydrogen and R₄ is —OR₅, with the proviso that R₅ is not methyl when R₁ and R₂ are allyl and R₆, R₇, and R₈ are hydrogen.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where R₆ is hydrogen.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where R₇ is hydrogen.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where R₈ is hydrogen.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where R₅ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where R₅ is methyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where R₅ is a C₂-C₆ alkyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where R₅ is ethyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where R₅ is a C₃-C₆ alkyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where R₅ is propyl or isopropyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where R₅ is aryl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where R₅ is phenyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where R₁ and R₂ are each independently selected from a C₁-C₆ alkyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where R₁ and R₂ are each independently selected from a C₂-C₆ alkyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where R₁ and R₂ are each independently selected from a C₃-C₆ alkyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are where each of R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and isopropyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (I) are listed below:

-   Compound 1: 4-butanoyloxy-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine -   Compound 2: 4-butanoyloxy-N,N-di-n-propyltryptammonium chloride -   Compound 3: 4-propionoxy-N,N-dipropyltryptamine -   Compound 4: 4-propionoxy-N,N-di-n-propyltryptammonium chloride -   Compound 5: 4-(2-methylpropionoxy)-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine -   Compound 6: 4-(2-methylpropionoxy)-N,N-di-n-propyltryptammonium     chloride -   Compound 7: 4-benzoyloxy-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine -   Compound 8: 4-benzoyloxy-N,N-di-n-propyltryptammonium chloride -   Compound 9: 4-(4-chlorobenzoyloxy)-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine -   Compound 10: 4-(4-chlorobenzoyloxy)-N,N-di-n-propyltryptammonium     chloride -   Compound 11: 4-(4-bromobenzoyloxy)-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine -   Compound 12: 4-(4-bromobenzoyloxy)-N,N-di-n-propyltryptammonium     chloride -   Compound 13: 4-(4-fluorobenzoyloxy)-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine -   Compound 14: 4-(4-fluorobenzoyloxy)-N,N-di-n-propyltryptammonium     chloride -   Compound 15: 4-(4-nitrobenzoyloxy)-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine -   Compound 16: 4-(4-nitrobenzoyloxy)-N,N-di-n-propyltryptammonium     chloride -   Compound 17: 4-p-toloyloxy-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine -   Compound 18: 4-p-toloyloxy-N,N-di-n-propyltryptammonium chloride -   Compound 19: 4-pivaloyloxy-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine -   Compound 20: 4-pivaloyloxy-N,N-di-n-propyltryptammonium chloride -   Compound 21: 4-(methylcarbanato)-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine -   Compound 22: 4-(methylcarbanato)-N,N-di-n-propyltryptammonium     chloride -   Compound 23: 4-(methylsulfonyloxy)-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine -   Compound 24: 4-(methylsulfonyloxy)-N,N-di-n-propyltryptammonium     chloride -   Compound 25: 4-(ethylsulfonyloxy)-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine -   Compound 26: 4-(ethylsulfonyloxy)-N,N-di-n-propyltryptammonium     chloride -   Compound 27: 4-(propylsulfonyloxy)-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine -   Compound 28: 4-(propylsulfonyloxy)-N,N-di-n-propyltryptammonium     chloride -   Compound 29: 4-(isopropylsulfonyloxy)-N,N-di-n-propyltryptammonium     chloride -   Compound 30: 4-(phenylsulfonyloxy)-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine -   Compound 31: 4-(phenylsulfonyloxy)-N,N-di-n-propyltryptammonium     chloride -   Compound 32: 4-(p-tolylsulfonyloxy)-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine -   Compound 33: 4-(p-tolylsulfonyloxy)-N,N-di-n-propyltryptammonium     chloride -   Compound 34:     4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyloxy]-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine -   Compound 35:     4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenylsulfonyloxy]-N,N-di-n-propyltryptammonium     chloride -   Compound 36:     4-[(4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyloxy]-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine -   Compound     37:4-[(4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyloxy]-N,N-di-n-propyltryptammonium     chloride -   Compound 38:     4-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyloxy]-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine -   Compound 39:     4-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyloxy]-N,N-di-n-propyltryptammonium     chloride -   Compound 40:     4-[(4-bromophenyl)sulfonyloxy]-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine -   Compound 41:     4-[(4-bromophenyl)sulfonyloxy]-N,N-di-n-propyltryptammonium chloride -   Compound 42:     4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyloxy]-N,N-di-n-propyltryptamine -   Compound 43:     4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyloxy]-N,N-di-n-propyltryptammonium     chloride -   Compound 44: 5-Methoxy-N,N -dimethyltryptamine -   Compound 45: 5-Methoxy-N-methyl, N-isopropyltryptamine -   Compound 46: 5-Methoxy-N-methyl, N-ethyltryptamine -   Compound 47: Bis[5-Methoxy-N-methyl, N-ethyltryptammonium] fumarate -   Compound 48: 5-Methoxy-N,N-di-isopropyltryptamine -   Compound 49: 2-Methyl, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine -   Compound 50: Bis[2-Methyl, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptammonium]     fumarate -   Compound 51: 2-Methyl, 5-methoxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine -   Compound 52: Bis[2-Methyl, 5-methoxy-N,N-diallyltryptammonium]     fumarate -   Compound 53: 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine -   Compound 54: 4-acetoxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine -   Compound 55: 4-acetoxy-N-ethyl-N-methyltryptamine -   Compound 56: 4-acetoxy-N-allyl-N-methyltryptamine -   Compound 57: 4-acetoxy-N,N-di-n-ethyltryptamine -   Compound 58: 4-acetoxy-N,N-dipropyltryptamine -   Compound 59: 4-acetoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine -   Compound 60: 4-acetoxy-N-methyl-N-propyltryptamine -   Compound 61: 4-acetoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine -   Compound 62: Bis[4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptammonium] fumarate -   Compound 63: Bis[4-acetoxy-N,N-diallyltryptammonium] fumarate -   Compound 64: 4-acetoxy-N-ethyl-N-methyltryptammonium hydrofumarate -   Compound 65: 4-acetoxy-N-allyl-N-methyltryptammonium hydrofumarate -   Compound 66: 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptammonium hydrofumarate -   Compound 67: 4-acetoxy-N,N-dipropyltryptammonium chloride -   Compound 68: 4-acetoxy-N-ethyl-N-propyltryptamine -   Compound 69: Bis[4-acetoxy-N-ethyl-N-methyltryptammonium] fumarate -   Compound 70: Bis[4-acetoxy-N-methyl-N-propyltryptammonium] fumarate -   Compound 71: Bis[4-acetoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptammonium]     fumarate -   Compound 72: Bis[4-acetoxy-N,N-di-n-ethyltryptammonium] fumarate -   Compound 73: Bis[4-acetoxy-N-ethyl-N-propyltryptammonium] fumarate -   Compound 74: Bis[4-acetoxy-N,N-dipropyltryptammonium] fumarate -   Compound 75: 4-acetoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptammonium acetate -   Compound 76: 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptammonium chloride -   Compound 77: 4-acetoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptammonium chloride -   Compound 78: 4-acetoxy-N,N-di-n-ethyltryptammonium chloride -   Compound 79: 4-acetoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptammonium chloride

This disclosure also relates to purified tryptamine compounds of formula (I):

wherein

-   R₁ and R₂ are each independently a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a C₂-C₆ alkenyl; -   one of R₃ and R₄ is hydrogen and the other of R₃ and R₄ is chosen     from —OR₅, —OC(O)R₅, —OC(O)OR₅, or —OSO₂R₅; -   R₅ is a C₁-C_(s) alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and -   R₆, R₇ and R₈ are each independently selected from hydrogen or a     C₁-C₆ alkyl; -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid-addition salt thereof;

wherein the purity of the tryptamine compound of formula (I) is greater than 95%, greater than 98%, greater than 99%, or greater than 99.9%.

This disclosure also relates to tryptammonium compounds of formula (la):

wherein

-   R_(1a) and R_(2a) are each independently a C₁-C_(s) alkyl or a C₂-C₆     alkenyl; -   R_(3a) and R_(4a) are each independently selected from hydrogen,     —OR_(5a), —OC(O)R_(5a), —OC(O)OR_(5a), and —OSO₂R_(5a); -   R_(5a) is a C₁—C_(s) alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl; -   R_(6a), R_(7a) and R_(8a) are each independently selected from     hydrogen or a C₁-C_(s) alkyl; -   R_(9a) is hydrogen; and -   X²⁻ pharmaceutically-acceptable dianion.

In formula (Ia), R_(1a) and R_(2a) are each independently a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a C₂-C₆ alkenyl. R_(1a) and/or R_(2a) may be a straight chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl, for example a straight chain C₁-C₆ alkyl, or a straight chain or branched C₂-C₆ alkenyl, for example allyl, 2-butenyl, etc. In some embodiments, R_(1a) and/or R_(2a) may be a straight chain or branched C₁-C₄ alkyl, for example a straight chain C₁-C₄ alkyl, or a C₂-C₄ alkenyl. R_(1a) and/or R_(2a) may be selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl or tert-butyl. In other embodiments, R_(1a) and/or R_(2a) may be methyl, ethyl, propyl or isopropyl.

In formula (Ia), one of R_(3a) and R_(4a) is hydrogen and the other of R_(3a) and R_(4a) is chosen from —OR_(5a), —OC(O)CH₂R_(5a), —OC(O)OR_(5a), and —OSO₂R_(5a). When R_(3a) or R_(4a) are C₁-C₆ alkoxy group, or in some embodiments a C₁-C₄ alkoxy group, it may be a straight chain or branched C₁-C_(s) alkoxy group or C₁-C₄ alkoxy group, for example a straight chain, and may be methoxy or ethoxy. R_(5a) is a straight chain or branched C₁-C₆ alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl. R_(5a) may be a straight chain or branched C₁-C₄ alkyl, for example a straight chain C₁-C₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R_(5a) is selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or n-butyl, and for example is methyl or ethyl. R_(5a) may also be a substituted or unsubstituted aryl. An aryl is a 6- to 14-membered aromatic ring, preferably a 6- to 10-membered aromatic ring and includes polycyclic ring systems in which two or more carbon atoms are common to adjoining rings where at least one ring is aromatic. Examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl and phenantherenyl. An aryl group may be substituted with one or more C₁-C₄ alkyl or perfluoralkyl groups, C₁-C₄ hydroxyalkyl groups, hydroxyl groups, nitro groups or halo groups (e.g. F, CI, I or Br). An aryl group may be ortho-, meta- and/or para-substituted, preferably para-substituted. When an aryl group is substituted with one or more straight chain or branched C₁-C₄ alkyl perfluoralkyl groups the group may be methyl, trifluromethyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl or tert-butyl or the group may be methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, or tert-butyl. When R_(3a) or R_(4a) is —OR_(5a), —OC(O)R_(5a), —OC(O)OR_(5a), or —OSO₂R_(5a), R_(5a) may be a methyl (except when R_(3a) is —OC(O)R_(5a), R_(5a) is not methyl), a tert-butyl, a phenyl, a benzyl, a para-halophenyl or a para-tolyl group.

R_(6a), R_(7a) and R_(8a) in formula (Ia) are each independently hydrogen or a C₁-C₆ alkyl, for example a straight chain or branched C₁-C_(s) alkyl. In some embodiments, R_(6a), R_(7a) and R_(8a) are each independently selected hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, and isobutyl. In other embodiments, R_(6a), R_(7a) and R_(8a) are each independently hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl.

In formula (Ia) the anion, X²⁻, may be any pharmaceutically acceptable dianion, e.g., fumarate, maleate, malonate, succinate, tartrate, or oxalate, and the like. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be prepared by anion exchange techniques known in the art to exchange the iodide anion for a desired pharmaceutically acceptable anion. For example, the iodide anion may be exchanged using an anion exchange resin.

Exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are those where one of R₃ and R₄ is hydrogen and the other of R₃ and R₄ is chosen from —OR_(5a), —OC(O)R_(5a), —OC(O)OR_(5a), and —OSO₂R_(5a).

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are those where one of R_(3a) and R_(4a) is hydrogen and the other R_(3a) and R_(4a) is -OSO₂R_(5a).

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are those with the proviso that when R_(3a) is hydrogen and R_(4a) is -OSO₂R_(5a) R_(1a) and R_(2a) are both ethyl, and R_(3a), R_(6a) and R_(7a) are all hydrogen, R_(5a) is not methyl, phenyl, or para-tolyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are where R_(3a) is —OC(O)R_(5a) and R_(4a) is hydrogen, with the proviso that R_(5a) is not methyl when R_(1a) and R_(2a) are methyl and R_(6a), R_(7a), R_(8a), and R_(9a) are hydrogen.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are where R_(3a) is —OC(O)R_(5a) and R_(4a) is hydrogen, with the proviso that R_(5a) is not methyl when one of R_(1a) and R_(2a) is ethyl and the other of R_(1a) and R_(2a) is propyl and R_(6a), R_(7a), R_(8a), and R_(9a) are hydrogen.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are those where R_(3a) is -OSO₂R_(5a) and R_(4a) is hydrogen.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are those where one of R_(3a) and R_(4a) is hydrogen and the other R_(3a) and R_(4a) is —OC(O)OR_(5a).

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are those where R_(3a) is hydrogen and R_(4a) is —OC(O)R_(5a), wherein R_(5a) is selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are where R_(3a) is hydrogen and R_(4a) is —OR_(5a), with the proviso that R_(5a) is not methyl when R_(1a) and R_(2a) are propyl and R_(6a), R_(7a), R_(8a), and R_(9a) are hydrogen.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are where R_(3a) is hydrogen and R_(4a) is —OR_(5a), with the proviso that R_(5a) is not methyl when R_(1a) and R_(2a) are allyl and R_(6a), R_(7a), R_(8a), and R_(9a) are hydrogen.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are those where R_(6a) is hydrogen.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are those where R_(7a) is hydrogen.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are those where R_(8a) is hydrogen.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are those where R_(5a) is a C₁-C₆ alkyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are those where R_(5a) is methyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are those where R_(5a) is a C₂-C₆ alkyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are those where R_(5a) is ethyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are those where R_(5a) is a C₃-C₆ alkyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are those where R_(5a) is propyl or isopropyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are those where R_(5a) is aryl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are those where R_(5a) is phenyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are those where R_(1a) and R_(2a) are each independently selected from a C₁-C₆ alkyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are those where R_(1a) and R_(2a) are each independently selected from a C₂-C₆ alkyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are those where R_(1a) and R_(2a) are each independently selected from a C₃-C₆ alkyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are those where each of R_(1a) and R_(2a) are independently selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and isopropyl.

Other exemplary compounds of formula (Ia) are those where X²⁻ is selected from fumarate, malonate, succinate, tartrate, oxalate, and maleate.

This disclosure also relates to purified tryptammonium compounds of formula (la):

wherein

-   R_(1a) and R_(2a) are each independently a C₁-C_(s) alkyl or a C₂-C₆     alkenyl; -   R_(3a) and R_(4a) are each independently selected from hydrogen,     —OR_(5a), —OC(O)R_(5a), —OC(O)OR_(5a), and —OSO₂R_(5a); -   R_(5a) is a C₁-C_(s) alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl; -   R_(6a), R_(7a) and R_(8a) are each independently selected from     hydrogen or a C₁-C_(s) alkyl; -   R_(9a) is hydrogen; and -   X²⁻ pharmaceutically-acceptable dianion;

wherein the purity of the tryptammonium compound of formula (Ia) is greater than 95%, greater than 98%, greater than 99%, or greater than 99.9%.

A compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) may be prepared by a variety of methods known in the organic synthesis art. As shown in the examples below, compounds of formula (I) or formula (Ia) may be prepared by reacting the corresponding indol-4-ol or indol-5-ol compound with an appropriate esterifying agent (e.g., an acid chloride) in the presence of a base (e.g., an amine base). Ether compounds of formula (I) or formula (Ia) made be from the corresponding hydroxy compound or starting material using means known in the art, such as reaction with an alkyl halide or other alkylating agent. See, e.g., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis (Wuts, P. G. M. (2013). Greene’s protective groups in organic synthesis (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons).

In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) or (Ia) serves as a prodrug of a biologically active compound in a manner akin to the prodrug psilocybin’s hydrolysis into psilocin, its known active. In one embodiment, the compounds of this disclosure provide advantages in their rates of conversion (e.g., hydrolysis into the active compound). In one embodiment, the rate of hydrolysis is increased relative to psilocybin. In another embodiment, the rate of hydrolysis is decreased relative to psilocybin. The comparative rates of hydrolysis can be measured by dissolving a compound in water and measuring either the disappearance of that compound and/or the appearance of the product of the hydrolysis of that compound. For example, in the case of psilocybin: psilocybin can be dissolved in water; and its conversion into psilocin can be measured by NMR (or similar spectroscopic techniques) by following the amount of psilocybin relative to an internal standard and/or the amount of psilocin relative to an internal standard. Comparative studies can be conducted for similar molecules, holding the pH, concentration, and temperature constant across each experiment.

In one embodiment, the compound for formula (I) or (Ia) hydrolyzes into an active (e.g., the corresponding indol-4-ol or indol-5-ol compound) faster than psilocybin hydrolyzes into psilocin. In one example, the compound of formula (I) or (Ia) hydrolyzes between 10% to 100% faster. In one example, the compound of formula (I) or (Ia) hydrolyzes between 30% to 80% faster. In one example, the compound of formula (I) or (Ia) hydrolyzes between 40% to 60% faster. In one example, the compound of formula (I) or (Ia) hydrolyzes more than 100% faster. In one example, the compound of formula (I) or (Ia) hydrolyzes between 100% - 1000% faster. In one example, the compound of formula (I) or (Ia) hydrolyzes between 3000% - 5,000% faster. In one example, the compound of formula (I) or (Ia) hydrolyzes between 1000% - 10,000% faster.

In one embodiment, the compound for formula (I) or (Ia) hydrolyzes into an active (e.g., the corresponding indol-4-ol or indol-5-ol compound) slower than psilocybin hydrolyzes into psilocin. In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) or (Ia) hydrolyzes at less than 80% of the rate that psilocybin hydrolyzes into psilocin. In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) or (Ia) hydrolyzes at less than 60% of the rate that psilocybin hydrolyzes into psilocin. In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) or (Ia) hydrolyzes at less than 40% of the rate that psilocybin hydrolyzes into psilocin. In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) or (Ia) hydrolyzes at less than 10% of the rate that psilocybin hydrolyzes into psilocin. In one embodiment, the compound of formula (I) or (Ia) hydrolyzes at less than 5% of the rate that psilocybin hydrolyzes into psilocin.

The above-described differences in the rates of hydrolysis offer advantages vis-à-vis psilocybin’s conversion into psilocin. In one embodiment, compounds of formula (I) or (Ia) provide increased bioavailability (compared to psilocybin/psilocin) of their corresponding indol-4-ol or indol-5-ol compounds, which can be determined and demonstrated by comparing the ED50 values in murine Head Twitch Response experiments. One example of a comparison showing a compound of formula (I) or (Ia) that hydrolyzes into an active (e.g., the corresponding indol-4-ol or indol-5-ol compound) faster than psilocybin hydrolyzes into psilocin is shown below in Table 1 where CT-421X is a compound for formula (I) and CT-421Y is a compound of formula (Ia):

TABLE 1 HTR ED50 (uM/kg) Hydrolysis rate Psilocin 0.54 n/a Psilocybin 1.02 0.03 CT-421X 0.58 1 CT-421Y 0.2- 0.6 (preliminary) 1

One example of a comparison showing a compound of formula (I) or (Ia) that hydrolyzes into an active (e.g., the corresponding indol-4-ol or indol-5-ol compound) slower than psilocybin hydrolyzes into psilocin is shown below in Table 2:

TABLE 2 Compound ID k_(obs) (s⁻¹) × 10⁻⁶ Apparent t_(½) Psilocybin <1 < 1 year CT-4213 <1 > 15 years

Compositions

The disclosure also relates to compositions comprising an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure, including exemplary embodiments discussed herein, and an excipient (e.g., a pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient). In another embodiment, the disclosure also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient (also known as a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier). As discussed below, a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure may be, for example, therapeutically useful to prevent and/or treat the psychological disorders, brain disorders, pain, and inflammation as well as the other disorders described herein.

A composition or a pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure may be in any form which contains a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure. The composition may be, for example, a tablet, capsule, liquid suspension, injectable, topical, or transdermal. The compositions generally contain, for example, about 1% to about 99% by weight of a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure and, for example, 99% to 1% by weight of at least one suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In one embodiment, the composition may be between about 5% and about 75% by weight of a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure, with the rest being at least one suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or at least one other adjuvant, as discussed below.

Published US applications US 2018/0221396 A1 and US 2019/0142851 A1 disclose compositions comprising a combination of a first purified psilocybin derivative with a second purified psilocybin derivative, with one or two purified cannabinoids or with a purified terpene. Various ratios of these components in the composition are also disclosed. The disclosures of US 2018/0221396 A1 and US 2019/0142851 A1 are incorporated herein by reference. According to this disclosure, a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure may be used as the “first purified psilocybin derivative” in the compositions described in US 2018/0221396 A1 and US 2019/0142851 A1. Accordingly, this disclosure provides a composition comprising: a first component comprising a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure; at least one second component selected from at least one of (a) a serotonergic drug, (b) a purified psilocybin derivative, (c) a purified cannabinoid, and (d) a purified terpene; and at least one pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient or at least one other adjuvant. Such a composition may be a pharmaceutical composition wherein the components are present individually in therapeutically effective amounts or by combination in a therapeutically effective amount to treat a disease, disorder, or condition as described herein.

When used in such compositions as a first component comprising a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure with a second component selected from at least one of (a) a serotonergic drug, (b) a purified psilocybin derivative, (c) a purified cannabinoid, and (d) a purified terpene, the compositions represent particular embodiments of the invention. Compositions having as a first component a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure with a second component selected from at least one of (e) an adrenergic drug, (f) a dopaminergic drug, (g) a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, (h) a purified erinacine, and (i) a purified hericenone represent additional particular embodiments of the invention represented by the compositions having a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the first and second components can be administered at the same time (e.g., together in the same composition), or at separate times over the course of treating a patient in need thereof. Such a composition may be a pharmaceutical composition wherein the components are present individually in therapeutically effective amounts or by combination in a therapeutically effective amount to treat a disease, disorder, or condition as described herein.

Within the context of this disclosure, the term “purified” means separated from other materials, such as plant or fungal material, e.g., protein, chitin, cellulose, or water. In one embodiment, the term “purified” refers to a compound substantially free of other materials. In one embodiment, the term “purified” refers to a compound that is substantially free from a second tryptamine compound. In one embodiment, the term “purified” refers to a compound substantially free from histidine. In one embodiment, the term “purified” refers to a compound substantially free from a biological material, such as mold, fungus, plant matter, or bacteria. In one embodiment, the term “purified” refers to a compound substantially free from a paralytic.

In one embodiment, the term “purified” refers to a compound which has been separated from other compounds that are typically co-extracted when the purified compound is extracted from a naturally occurring organism. In one embodiment, a “purified” psilocybin derivative is partially or completely isolated from other psilocybin derivatives present in a source material, such as a psilocybin-containing mushroom. In one example, “purified” baeocystin is substantially free from psilocybin and/or psilocin. By contrast, traditional psilocybin mushroom extracts (aka crude extracts or fruit body extracts) would be expected to contain an unpredictable and varying amount of psilocybin, psilocin, baeocystin, norbaeocystin, salts thereof, or combinations thereof. Other examples of unpurified psilocybin derivatives would include mycelium containing psilocybin derivatives and/or naturally occurring fungal material such as biological material and/or structural material such as chitin. Similarly, the term “cannabis extracts” or “cannabinoid extracts” traditionally refers to whole plants (aka crude or full spectrum extracts) which have not been subjected to further purification to eliminate unwanted molecules that naturally occur in the cannabis plant. For example, a “cannabis extract comprising cannabidiol” could be expected to include cannabidiol (aka “CBD”) and also varying amounts of other compounds, including cannabinoids, terpenes, and other biological material.

In one embodiment, the term “purified” refers to a compound or composition that has been crystallized.

In one embodiment, the term “purified” refers to a compound or composition that has been chromatographed, for example by gas chromatography, liquid chromatography (e.g., LC, HPLC, etc.), etc.

In one embodiment, the term “purified” refers to a compound or composition that has been distilled.

In one embodiment, the term “purified” refers to a compound or composition that has been sublimed.

In one embodiment, the term “purified” refers to a compound or composition that has been subject to two or more steps chosen from crystallization, chromatography, distillation, or sublimation.

In one embodiment, the term “purified” refers to a compound that is between 80-100% pure.

In one embodiment, the term “purified” refers to a compound that is between 90-100% pure.

In one embodiment, the term “purified” refers to a compound that is between 95-100% pure.

In one embodiment, the term “purified” refers to a compound that is between 99-100% pure.

In one embodiment, the term “purified” refers to a compound that is between 99.9-100% pure.

A serotonergic drug refers to a compound that binds to, blocks, or otherwise influences (e.g., via an allosteric reaction) activity at a serotonin receptor as described in paragraphs [0245]-[0253] of US 2018/0221396 A1 and [0305]-[0311] US 2019/0142851 A1 as well as the disclosed exemplary embodiments. Exemplary psilocybin derivatives include but are not limited to psilocybin itself and the psilocybin derivatives described in paragraphs [0081]-[0109] of US 2018/0221396 A1 and [0082]-[0110] US 2019/0142851 A1 as well as the disclosed exemplary embodiments. Exemplary cannabinoids include but are not limited to the cannabinoids described in paragraphs [0111]-[0145] of US 2018/0221396 A1 and [0112]-[0146] US 2019/0142851 A1 as well as the disclosed exemplary embodiments. Exemplary terpenes include but are not limited to the terpenes described in paragraphs [0160]-[0238] of US 2018/0221396 A1 and [0161]-[0300] US 2019/0142851 A1 as well as the disclosed exemplary embodiments.

A pharmaceutical formulation of the disclosure may comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of (a) a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure and (b) at least one second active compound selected from a serotonergic drug, a purified psilocybin derivative, a purified cannabinoid, a purified terpene, an adrenergic drug, a dopaminergic drug, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, a purified erinacine, and a purified hericenone, and (c) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In some embodiments, a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure, and the second active compound(s) are each present in a therapeutically effective amount using purposefully engineered and unnaturally occurring molar ratios. Exemplary molar ratios of a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure to the second active compound in a composition of the disclosure include but are not limited to from about 0.1:100 to about 100:0.1, from about 1:100 to about 100:1, from about 1:50 to about 50:1, from about 1:25 to about 25:1, from about 1:20 to about 20:1, from about 1:10 to about 10:1, from about 1:5 to about 5:1, from about 1:2 to about 2:1 or may be about 1:1.

A pharmaceutical formulation of the disclosure may comprise a composition containing a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure and a serotonergic drug, a purified psilocybin derivative, a purified cannabinoid, or a purified terpene, each present in a therapeutically effective amount using purposefully engineered and unnaturally occurring molar ratios. Published US applications US 2018/0221396 A1 and US 2019/0142851 A1 disclose compositions comprising a combination of a purified psilocybin derivative with a second purified psilocybin derivative, with one or two purified cannabinoids or with a purified terpene. According to this disclosure composition containing a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure may be used in place of a “purified psilocybin derivative” in the compositions described in US 2018/0221396 A1 and US 2019/0142851 A1. Accordingly, the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical formulation comprising as (a) a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure and at least one second component selected from (a) a purified psilocybin derivative, (b) a purified cannabinoid, and (c) a purified terpene; and at least one pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient or at least one other adjuvant, as described herein. Such a composition may be a pharmaceutical composition wherein the components are present individually in therapeutically effective amounts or by combination in a therapeutically effective amount to treat a disease, disorder, or condition as described herein.

A serotonergic drug refers to a compound that binds to, blocks, or otherwise influences (e.g., via an allosteric reaction) activity at a serotonin receptor as described in paragraphs [0245]-[0253] of US 2018/0221396 A1 and [0305]-[0311] US 2019/0142851 A1 as well as the disclosed exemplary embodiments. Some exemplary serotonergic drugs include SSRIs and SNRIs. Some examples of specific serotonergic drugs include the following molecules, including any salts, solvates, or polymorphs thereof: 6-allyl-N,N-diethyl-NL; N,N-dibutyl-T; N,N-diethyl-T; N,N-diisopropyl-T; 5-methyoxy-alpha-methyl-T; N,N-dimethyl-T; 2,alpha-dimethyl-T; alpha,N-dimethyl-T; N,N-dipropyl-T; N-ethyl-N-isopropyl-T; alpha-ethyl-T; 6-N,N-Triethyl-NL; 3,4-dihydro-7-methoxy-1-methyl-C; 7-methyoxy-1-methyl-C; N,N-dibutyl-4-hydroxy-T; N,N-diethyl-4-hydroxy-T; N,N-diisopropyl-4-hydroxy-T; N,N-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-T; N,N-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-T; N, N-dipropyl-4-hydroxy-T; N-ethyl-4-hydroxy-N-methyl-T; 4-hydroxy-N-isopropyl-N-methyl-T; 4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-propyl-T; 4-hydroxy-N,N-tetramethylene-T; ibogaine; N,N-diethyl-L; N-butyl-N-methyl-T; N,N-diisopropyl-4,5-methylenedioxy-T; N,N-diisopropyl-5,6-methylenedioxy-T; N,N-dimethyl-4,5-methylenedioxy-T; N,N-dimethyl-5,6-methylenedioxy-T; N-isopropyl-N-methyl-5,6-methylenedioxy-T; N,N-diethyl-2-methyl-T; 2-N,N-trimethyl-T; N-acetyl-5-methoxy-T; N,N-diethyl-5-methoxy-T; N,N-diisopropyl-5-methoxy-T; 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl-T; N-isopropyl-4-methoxy-N-methyl-T; N-isopropyl-5-methoxy-N-methyl-T; 5,6-dimethoxy-N-isopropyl-N-methyl-T; 5-methoxy-N-methyl-T; 5-methoxy-N,N-tetramethylene-T; 6-methoxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-C; 5-methoxy-2-N,N-trimethyl-T; N,N-dimethyl-5-methylthio-T; N-isopropyl-N-methyl-T; alpha-methyl-T; N-ethyl-T; N-methyl-T; 6-propyl-N L; N,N-tetramethylene-T; tryptamine; 7-methoxy-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-C; and alpha,N-dimethyl-5-methoxy-T. For additional information regarding these compounds see Shulgin, A. T., & Shulgin, A. (2016). Tihkal: The Continuation. Berkeley, Calif.: Transform Press. In one embodiment, a serotonergic drug is chosen from alprazolam, amphetamine, aripiprazole, azapirone, a barbiturate, bromazepam, bupropion, buspirone, a cannabinoid, chlordiazepoxide, citalopram, clonazepam, clorazepate, dextromethorphan, diazepam, duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, flurazepam, fluvoxamine, lorazepam, lysergic acid diethylamide, lysergamide, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, milnacipran, mirtazapine, naratriptan, paroxetine, pethidine, phenethylamine, psicaine, oxazepam, reboxetine, serenic, serotonin, sertraline, temazepam, tramadol, triazolam, a tryptamine, venlafaxine, vortioxetine, and/or derivatives thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, the serotonergic drug is 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine.

Exemplary psilocybin derivatives include but are not limited to psilocybin itself and the psilocybin derivatives described in paragraphs [0081]-[0109] of US 2018/0221396 A1 and [0082]-[0110] US 2019/0142851 A1 as well as the disclosed exemplary embodiments, incorporated here by reference. In one embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein comprise one or more purified psilocybin derivatives chosen from: [3-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate; 4-hydroxytryptamine; 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine; [3-(2-methylaminoethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate; 4-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine; [3-(aminoethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate; [3-(2-trimethylaminoethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate; and 4-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine.

Exemplary cannabinoids include but are not limited to the cannabinoids described in paragraphs [0111]-[0145] of US 2018/0221396 A1 and [0112]-[0146] US 2019/0142851 A1 as well as the disclosed exemplary embodiments. Examples of cannabinoids within the context of this disclosure include the following molecules: cannabichromene (CBC); cannabichromenic acid (CBCA); cannabichromevarin (CBCV); cannabichromevarinic acid (CBCVA); cannabicyclol (CBL); cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA); cannabicyclovarin (CBLV); cannabidiol (CBD); cannabidiol monomethylether (CBDM); cannabidiolic acid (CBDA); cannabidiorcol (CBD-C1); cannabidivarin (CBDV); cannabidivarinic acid (CBDVA); cannabielsoic acid B (CBEA-B); cannabielsoin (CBE); cannabielsoin acid A (CBEA-A); cannabigerol (CBG); cannabigerol monomethylether (CBGM); cannabigerolic acid (CBGA); cannabigerolic acid monomethylether (CBGAM); cannabigerovarin (CBGV); cannabigerovarinic acid (CBGVA); cannabinodiol (CBND); cannabinodivarin (CBVD); cannabinol (CBN); cannabinol methylether (CBNM); cannabinol-C2 (CBN-C2); cannabinol-C4 (CBN-C4); cannabinolic acid (CBNA); cannabiorcol (CBN-C1); cannabivarin (CBV); cannabitriol (CBT); cannabitriolvarin (CBTV); 10-ethoxy-9-hydroxy-delta-6a-tetrahydrocannabinol; cannabicitran (CBTC); cannabiripsol (CBR); 8,9-dihydroxy-delta-6a-tetrahydrocannabinol; delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC); delta-8-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ8-THCA); delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC); delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-C4 (THC-C4); delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA-A); delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid B (THCA-B); delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-C4 (THCA-C4); delta-9-tetrahydrocannabiorcol (THC-C1); delta-9-tetrahydrocannabiorcolic acid (THCA-C1); delta-9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV); delta-9-tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (THCVA); 10-oxo-delta-6a-tetrahydrocannabinol (OTHC); cannabichromanon (CBCF); cannabifuran (CBF); cannabiglendol; delta-9-cis-tetrahydrocannabinol (cis-THC); trihydroxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (triOH-THC); dehydrocannabifuran (DCBF); and 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-7-hydroxy-alpha-alpha-2-trimethyl-9-n-propyl-2,6-methano-2H-1-benzoxocin-5-methanol. In one embodiment, the purified cannabinoid is chosen from THC, THCA, THCV, THCVA, CBC, CBCA, CBCV, CBCVA, CBD, CBDA, CBDV, CBVD, CBDVA, CBG, CBGA, CBGV, or CBGVA.

Exemplary terpenes include but are not limited to the terpenes described in paragraphs [0160]-[0238] of US 2018/0221396 A1 and [0161]-[0300] US 2019/0142851 A1 as well as the disclosed exemplary embodiments. In one embodiment, a purified terpene is chosen from acetanisole, acetyl cedrene, anethole, anisole, benzaldehyde, bornyl acetate, borneol, cadinene, cafestol, caffeic acid, camphene, camphor, capsaicin, carene, carotene, carvacrol, carvone, caryophyllene, caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, cedrene, cedrene epoxide, cecanal, cedrol, cembrene, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, citronellal, citronellol, cymene, eicosane, elemene, estragole, ethyl acetate, ethyl cinnamate, ethyl maltol, eucalyptol/1,8-cineole, eudesmol, eugenol, euphol, farnesene, farnesol, fenchone, geraniol, geranyl acetate, guaia-1(10),11-diene, guaiacol, guaiol, guaiene, gurjunene, herniarin, hexanaldehyde, hexanoic acid, humulene, ionone, ipsdienol, isoamyl acetate, isoamyl alcohol, isoamyl formate, isoborneol, isomyrcenol, isoprene, isopulegol, isovaleric acid, lavandulol, limonene, gamma-linolenic acid, linalool, longifolene, lycopene, menthol, methyl butyrate, 3-mercapto-2-methylpentanal, beta-mercaptoethanol, mercaptoacetic acid, methyl salicylate, methylbutenol, methyl-2-methylvalerate, methyl thiobutyrate, myrcene, gamma-muurolene, nepetalactone, nerol, nerolidol, neryl acetate, nonanaldehyde, nonanoic acid, ocimene, octanal, octanoic acid, pentyl butyrate, phellandrene, phenylacetaldehyde, phenylacetic acid, phenylethanethiol, phytol, pinene, propanethiol, pristimerin, pulegone, retinol, rutin, sabinene, squalene, taxadiene, terpineol, terpine-4-ol, terpinolene, thujone, thymol, umbelliferone, undecanal, verdoxan, or vanillin. In one embodiment, a purified terpene is chosen from bornyl acetate, alpha-bisabolol, borneol, camphene, camphor, carene, caryophyllene, cedrene, cymene, elemene, eucalyptol, eudesmol, farnesene, fenchol, geraniol, guaiacol, humulene, isoborneol, limonene, linalool, menthol, myrcene, nerolidol, ocimene, phellandrene, phytol, pinene, pulegone, sabinene, terpineol, terpinolene, or valencene.

As used herein, the term “adrenergic drug” refers to a compound that binds, blocks, or otherwise influences (e.g., via an allosteric reaction) activity at an adrenergic receptor. In one embodiment, an adrenergic drug binds to an adrenergic receptor. In one embodiment, an adrenergic drug indirectly affects an adrenergic receptor, e.g., via interactions affecting the reactivity of other molecules at the adrenergic receptor. In one embodiment, an adrenergic drug is an agonist, e.g., a compound activating an adrenergic receptor. In one embodiment, an adrenergic drug is an antagonist, e.g., a compound binding but not activating an adrenergic receptor, e.g., blocking a receptor. In one embodiment, an adrenergic drug is an effector molecule, e.g., a compound binding to an enzyme for allosteric regulation. In one embodiment, an adrenergic drug acts (either directly or indirectly) at more than one type of receptor (e.g., 5HT, dopamine, adrenergic, acetylcholine, etc.).

In one embodiment, an adrenergic drug is an antidepressant. In one embodiment, an adrenergic drug is a norepinephrine transporter inhibitor. In one embodiment, an adrenergic drug is a vesicular monoamine transporter inhibitor. In one embodiment, an adrenergic drug is chosen from adrenaline, agmatine, amoxapine, aptazapine, atomoxetine, bupropion, clonidine, doxepin, duloxetine, esmirtazpine, mianserin, ketanserin, mirabegron, mirtazapine, norepinephrine, phentolamine, phenylephrine, piperoxan, reserpine, ritodrine, setiptiline, tesofensine, timolol, trazodone, trimipramine, or xylazine.

As used herein, the term “dopaminergic drug” refers to a compound that binds, blocks, or otherwise influences (e.g., via an allosteric reaction) activity at a dopamine receptor. In one embodiment, a dopaminergic drug binds to a dopamine receptor. In one embodiment, a dopaminergic drug indirectly affects a dopamine receptor, e.g., via interactions affecting the reactivity of other molecules at the dopamine receptor. In one embodiment, a dopaminergic drug is an agonist, e.g., a compound activating a dopamine receptor. In one embodiment, a dopaminergic drug is an antagonist, e.g., a compound binding but not activating a dopamine receptor, e.g., blocking a receptor. In one embodiment, a dopaminergic drug is an effector molecule, e.g., a compound binding to an enzyme for allosteric regulation. In one embodiment, a dopaminergic drug acts (either directly or indirectly) at more than one type of receptor (e.g., 5HT, dopamine, adrenergic, acetylcholine, etc.).

In one embodiment, a dopaminergic drug is a dopamine transporter inhibitor. In one embodiment, a dopaminergic drug is a vesicular monoamine transporter inhibitor. In one embodiment, a dopaminergic drug is chosen from amineptine, apomorphine, benzylpiperazine, bromocriptine, cabergoline, chlorpromazine, clozapine, dihydrexidine, domperidone, dopamine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, ketamine, loxapine, methamphetamine, olanzapine, pemoline, perphenazine, pergolide, phencyclidine, phenethylamine, phenmetrazine, pimozide, piribedil, a psychostimulant, reserpine, risperidone, ropinirole, tetrabenazine, or thioridazine.

As used herein, the term “monoamine oxidase inhibitor” (MAOI) refers to a compound that blocks the actions of monoamine oxidase enzymes. In one embodiment, a MAOI inhibits the activity of one or both monoamine oxidase A and monoamine oxidase B. In one embodiment a MAOI is a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A. In one embodiment a MAOI is a drug chosen from isocarboxazid, phenelzine, or tranylcypromine. In one embodiment, a MAOI is β-carboline, pinoline, harmane, harmine, harmaline, harmalol, tetrahydroharmine, 9-methyl-β-carboline, or 3-carboxy-tetrahydrononharman.

In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein include one or more purified erinacine molecules. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise purified erinacine A. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise erinacine B. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise erinacine C. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise erinacine D. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise erinacine E. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise erinacine F. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise erinacine G. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise erinacine H. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise erinacine I. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise erinacine J. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise erinacine K In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise erinacine P. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise erinacine Q. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise erinacine R. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise erinacine S.

In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein include one or more purified hericenone molecules. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise purified hericenone A. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise purified hericenone B. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise purified hericenone C. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise purified hericenone D. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise purified hericenone E. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise purified hericenone F. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise purified hericenone G. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise purified hericenone H.

Exemplary compositions of a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure and a second compound selected from a serotonergic drug, a purified psilocybin derivative, a purified cannabinoid, a purified terpene, an adrenergic drug, a dopaminergic drug, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, a purified erinacine, and a purified hericenone in exemplary molar ratios are shown in Table 3. A compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure may be any one of the exemplary embodiments described above including the crystalline forms as disclosed herein.

TABLE 3 Second Compound Molar ratio of a compound of formulae (I) or (Ia) : second compound Molar ratio of a compound of formulae (I) or (Ia) : second compound Molar ratio of a compound of formulae (I) or (Ia) : second compound 3,4-methylenedioxymethamph etamine About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Citalopram About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Escitalopram About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Fluoxetine About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Paroxetine About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Sertraline About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Duloxetine About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 [3-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 4-hydroxytryptamine About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 [3-(2-methylaminoethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 4-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 [3-(aminoethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 [3-(2-trimethylaminoethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 4-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 THC About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 CBC About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 CBD About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 CBG About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Myrcene About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Pinene About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Caryophyllene About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Limonene About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Humulene About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Linalool About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Adrenaline About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Amineptine About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Erinacine A About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Hericenone A About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Phenelzine About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1

Exemplary pharmaceutical compositions of a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure and a second compound selected from a serotonergic drug, a purified psilocybin derivative, a purified cannabinoid, a purified terpene, an adrenergic drug, a dopaminergic drug, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, a purified erinacine, and a purified hericenone and an excipient with exemplary molar ratios of a compound of formulae (I) or (Ia) to the second compound are shown in Table 4. A compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure may be any one of the exemplary embodiments described above including the crystalline forms as disclosed herein.

TABLE 4 Second Compound Molar ratio of a compound of formulae (I) or (Ia) : second compound Molar ratio of a compound of formulae (I) or (Ia) : second compound Molar ratio of a compound of formulae (I) or (Ia) : second compound 3,4-methylenedioxymethamph etamine About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Citalopram About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Escitalopram About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Fluoxetine About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Paroxetine About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Sertraline About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Duloxetine About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 [3-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 4-hydroxytryptamine About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 [3-(2-methylaminoethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 4-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 [3-(aminoethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 [3-(2-trimethylaminoethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 4-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 THC About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 CBC About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 CBD About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 CBG About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Myrcene About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Pinene About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Caryophyllene About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Limonene About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Humulene About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Linalool About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Adrenaline About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Amineptine About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Erinacine A About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Hericenone A About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1 Phenelzine About 1:100 to about 100:1 About 1:25 to about 25:1 About 1:5 to about 5:1

An “effective amount” or a “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure is generally in the range of about 0.1 to about 100 mg daily (oral dose), of about 0.1 to about 50 mg daily (oral dose), of about 0.25 to about 25 mg daily (oral dose), of about 0.1 to about 5 mg daily (oral dose), or of about 0.5 to about 2.5 mg daily (oral dose). The actual amount required for treatment of any particular patient may depend upon a variety of factors including, for example, the disease being treated and its severity; the specific pharmaceutical composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet of the patient; the mode of administration; the time of administration; the route of administration; and the rate of excretion; the duration of the treatment; any drugs used in combination or coincidental with the specific compound employed; and other such factors well known in the medical arts. These factors are discussed in Goodman and Gilman’s “The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics,” Tenth Edition, A. Gilman, J. Hardman and L. Limbird, eds., McGraw-Hill Press, 155-173 (2001), which is incorporated herein by reference. A compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure and pharmaceutical compositions containing it may be used in combination with other agents that are generally administered to a patient being treated for psychological and other disorders discussed above. They may also be co-formulated with one or more of such agents in a single pharmaceutical composition.

Depending on the type of pharmaceutical composition, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may be chosen from any one or a combination of carriers known in the art. The choice of the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier depends upon the pharmaceutical form and the desired method of administration to be used. Exemplary carriers include those that do not substantially alter the structure or activity of a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure, or produce undesirable biological effects or otherwise interact in a deleterious manner with any other component(s) of the pharmaceutical composition.

The pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure may be prepared by methods know in the pharmaceutical formulation art, for example, see Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed., (Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1990), which is incorporated herein by reference. In a solid dosage form, a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure may be admixed with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient such as, for example, sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate or (a) fillers or extenders, such as, for example, starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, (b) binders, such as, for example, cellulose derivatives, starch, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose, and gum acacia, (c) humectants, such as, for example, glycerol, (d) disintegrating agents, such as, for example, agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, croscarmellose sodium, complex silicates, and sodium carbonate, (e) solution retarders, such as, for example, paraffin, (f) absorption accelerators, such as, for example, quaternary ammonium compounds, (g) wetting agents, such as, for example, cetyl alcohol, and glycerol monostearate, magnesium stearate and the like, (h) adsorbents, such as, for example, kaolin and bentonite, and (i) lubricants, such as, for example, talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, or mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets, and pills, the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents. In some embodiments, the excipient is not water. In some embodiments, the excipient is not a solvent (e.g., EtOH, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, or hydrocarbon-based solvents (e.g., hexanes). In some embodiments, the dosage form is substantially free of water and/or solvents, for example less than about 5% water by mass, less than 2% water by mass, less than 1% water by mass, less than 0.5% water by mass, or less than 0.1% water by mass.

Excipients or pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants known in the pharmaceutical formulation art may also be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure. These include, but are not limited to, preserving, wetting, suspending, sweetening, flavoring, perfuming, emulsifying, and dispensing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, sodium chloride, and the like. If desired, a pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure may also contain minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, antioxidants, and the like, such as, for example, citric acid, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, butylated hydroxytoluene, etc.

Solid dosage forms as described above may be prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and others well known in the art. They may contain pacifying agents and can also be of such composition that they release the active compound or compounds in a certain part of the intestinal tract in a delayed manner. Non-limiting examples of embedded compositions that may be used are polymeric substances and waxes. The active compounds may also be in microencapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-mentioned excipients.

Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents, such as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, or mixtures of these substances, and the like.

Solid dosage forms for oral administration, which includes capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules, may be used. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound may be mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient (also known as a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier).

Administration of a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure in pure form or in an appropriate pharmaceutical composition may be carried out via any of the accepted modes of administration or agents for serving similar utilities. Thus, administration may be, for example, orally, buccally, nasally, parenterally (intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous), topically, transdermally, intravaginally, intravesically, or intrasystemically, in the form of solid, semi-solid, lyophilized powder, or liquid dosage forms, such as, for example, tablets, suppositories, pills, soft elastic and hard gelatin capsules, powders, solutions, suspensions, or aerosols, or the like, such as, for example, in unit dosage forms suitable for simple administration of precise dosages. One route of administration may be oral administration, using a convenient daily dosage regimen that can be adjusted according to the degree of severity of the disease-state to be treated.

Methods of Treatment and Therapeutic Uses

A compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure, and the methods and the compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions) are used to regulate the activity of a neurotransmitter receptor by administering a therapeutically effective dose of a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure. In one embodiment, a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure, and the methods and the compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions) are used to treat inflammation and/or pain by administering a therapeutically effective dose of a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure.

Methods of the disclosure also relate to the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure, to prevent or treat a disease or condition, such as those discussed below for a subject in need of treatment. A compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure may be administered neat or as a composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure, as discussed below.

A compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure may be used to prevent and/or treat a psychological disorder. The disclosure provides a method for preventing and/or treating a psychological disorder by administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure, including the exemplary embodiments discussed herein. The psychological disorder may be chosen from: depression; psychotic disorder; schizophrenia; schizophreniform disorder (acute schizophrenic episode); schizoaffective disorder; bipolar I disorder (mania, manic disorder, manic-depressive psychosis); bipolar II disorder; major depressive disorder; major depressive disorder with psychotic feature (psychotic depression); delusional disorders (paranoia); shared psychotic disorder (shared paranoia disorder); brief psychotic disorder (other and unspecified reactive psychosis); psychotic disorder not otherwise specified (unspecified psychosis); paranoid personality disorder; schizoid personality disorder; schizotypal personality disorder; anxiety disorder; social anxiety disorder; substance-induced anxiety disorder; selective mutism; panic disorder; panic attacks; agoraphobia; attention deficit syndrome; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD); and premenstrual syndrome (PMS).

A compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure may be used to prevent and/or treat a brain disorder. The disclosure provides a method for preventing and/or treating a brain disorder (e.g., Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, and Parkinson’s disease) by administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure.

A compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure may be used to prevent and/or treat developmental disorders, delirium, dementia, amnestic disorders and other cognitive disorders, psychiatric disorders due to a somatic condition, drug-related disorders, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, factitious disorders, dissociative disorders, eating disorders, sleep disorders, impulse control disorders, adjustment disorders, or personality disorders. The disclosure provides a method for preventing and/or treating these disorders by administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure, including the exemplary embodiments discussed above.

A compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure may be used to prevent and/or treat inflammation and/or pain, such as for example inflammation and/or pain associated with inflammatory skeletal or muscular diseases or conditions. The disclosure provides a method for preventing and/or treating an inflammation and/or pain by administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure, including the exemplary embodiments discussed herein. Generally speaking, treatable “pain” includes nociceptive, neuropathic, and mix-type. A method of the disclosure may reduce or alleviate the symptoms associated with inflammation, including but not limited to treating localized manifestation of inflammation characterized by acute or chronic swelling, pain, redness, increased temperature, or loss of function in some cases. A method of the disclosure may reduce or alleviate the symptoms of pain regardless of the cause of the pain, including but not limited to reducing pain of varying severity, i.e., mild, moderate and severe pain, acute pain and chronic pain. A method of the disclosure is effective in treating joint pain, muscle pain, tendon pain, burn pain, and pain caused by inflammation such as rheumatoid arthritis. Skeletal or muscular diseases or conditions which may be treated include but are not limited to musculoskeletal sprains, musculoskeletal strains, tendinopathy, peripheral radiculopathy, osteoarthritis, joint degenerative disease, polymyalgia rheumatica, juvenile arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, costochondritis, tendonitis, bursitis, such as the common lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow), medial epicondylitis (pitchers elbow) and trochanteric bursitis, temporomandibular joint syndrome, and fibromyalgia.

A compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure may be used to modulate activity of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), comprising administering a composition of the invention. MAPKs provide a wide-ranging signaling cascade that allow cells to quickly respond to biotic and abiotic stimuli. Exemplary MAPKs include, but are not limited to, Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase A (TrkA), P38-alpha, and c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase 3 (JNK3). TrkA is a high affinity catalytic receptor of nerve growth factor (NGF) protein. TrkA regulates NGF response, influencing neuronal differentiation and outgrowth as well as programmed cell death. p38-alpha is involved with the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-a. In the central nervous system, p38-alpha regulates neuronal death and neurite degeneration, and it is a common target of Alzheimer’s disease therapies. JNK3 is a neuronal-specific protein isoform of the JNKs. It is involved with the regulation of apoptosis. JNK3 also plays a role in modulating the response of cytokines, growth factors, and oxidative stress.

As used herein, the term “modulating activity of a mitogen-activated protein kinase” refers to changing, manipulating, and/or adjusting the activity of a mitogen-activated protein kinase. In one embodiment, modulating the activity of a MAPK can influence neural health, neurogenesis, neural growth and differentiation, and neurodegenerative diseases.

A compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure may be used to modulate neurogenesis, comprising administering a composition of the invention. As used herein, the term “modulating neurogenesis” refers to changing, manipulating, and/or adjusting the growth and development of neural tissue. In one embodiment, neurogenesis comprises adult neurogenesis, in which new neural stem cells are generated from neural stem cells in an adult animal. In one embodiment, modulating neurogenesis comprises increasing and/or enhancing the rate at which new neural tissue is developed.

A compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure may be used to modulate neurite outgrowth, comprising administering a composition of the invention. As used herein, the term “modulating neurite outgrowth” refers to changing, manipulating, and/or adjusting the growth and development of neural projections, or “neurites.” In one embodiment, neurogenesis comprises modulating the growth of new neurites, the number of neurites per neuron, and/or neurite length. In one embodiment, modulating neurite outgrowth comprises increasing and/or enhancing the rate and/or length at which neurites develop.

A compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure may be used to prevent and/or treat sexual health disorders including, but not limited to, hypoactive sexual desire disorder, hyperactive sexual desire disorder, orgasmic disorder, arousal disorder, vaginismus, and dyspareunia. In some embodiments, the disorder is a male sexual dysfunction disorder. In some embodiments, the disorder is a female sexual dysfunction disorder.

A compound of formula (I) or formula (Ia) of the disclosure may be used to prevent and/or treat women’s health disorders including, but not limited to, menstrual cramping, dysmenorrhea, post-hysterectomy pain, vaginal or vulvar vestibule mucosa disorder, menopausal-related disorders, vaginal atrophy, or vulvar vestibulitis.

EXAMPLES Example 1 General Synthesis Procedure

At 0° C. to a reaction vial containing 3-(2-(dipropylamino)ethyl)-1H-indol-4-ol (0.4 mmol, 1 equiv) in anhydrous methylene chloride (8 mL) was added triethylamine (2 equiv) followed by corresponding acid chloride (1.5 equiv) in a dropwise manner. The resulting contents were then stirred at room temperature under nitrogen until the disappearance of the starting material (per thin layer chromatography) was observed. The typical reaction times were between 1.5 and 2 hours. The reaction contents were then diluted with methylene chloride (20 mL) and washed twice with cold water followed by brine. The resulting organic layer was dried using sodium sulfate and reduced under pressure to afford a residue which was dissolved in toluene (10 mL). To the resulting solution was added hydrochloric acid in ether (2 M, 1.1 equiv) dropwise and stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. The contents were then reduced under pressure and the residue was suspended in ether and sonicated to afford solid which was then filtered and dried under vacuum to yield hydrochloride salt of desired DPT ester. In the case of sulfonates the residue after salt formation in toluene was subjected to column chromatography (methylene chloride/methanol) to obtain the desired compound. Note: For the carbonate derivative, the procedure above was adopted with methyl chloroformate (1.5 equiv) as starting material. The compounds listed below were prepared using this procedure. The structure of each compound was confirmed by ¹H and ¹³C NMR.

N-(4-((methoxycarbonyl)oxy)-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-N-propylpropan-1-ammonium Chloride:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Deuterium Oxide) δ 7.39 (dd, J = 8.3, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (s, 1H), 7.18 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.37 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 3.15 - 2.98 (m, 10H), 1.64 (td, J = 14.1, 13.4, 7.3 Hz, 4H), 0.86 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 154.43, 144.18, 139.06, 125.40, 121.87, 119.19, 111.71, 110.48, 56.16, 54.24, 53.63, 20.91, 17.25, 11.40.

N-(4-(pivaloyloxy)-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-N-propylpropan-1-ammonium Chloride:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Deuterium Oxide) δ 7.38 (dd, J = 8.2, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.26 (s, 1H), 7.18 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 3.47 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 2H), 3.10 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.01 (dt, J = 9.6, 5.4 Hz, 4H), 1.55 (td, J = 15.7, 15.1, 7.0 Hz, 4H), 1.36 (s, 9H), 0.79 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 177.86, 144.49, 138.67, 122.98, 122.34, 119.40, 112.05, 109.79, 108.52, 54.42, 52.68, 39.37, 27.42, 21.07, 16.78, 11.12.

N-(4-(benzoyloxy)-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-N-propylpropan-1-ammonium Chloride:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Deuterium Oxide) δ 8.21 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.42 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.31 - 7.13 (m, 2H), 6.89 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 3.25 - 3.09 (m, 2H), 3.01 - 2.81 (m, 2H), 2.70 (dd, J = 9.7, 4.9 Hz, 4H), 1.38 (dq, J = 14.8, 7.4 Hz, 4H), 0.67 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 165.70, 143.63, 138.73, 134.20, 130.27, 129.54, 129.14, 124.16, 122.29, 119.41, 112.40, 110.29, 108.07, 54.50, 53.78, 21.09, 16.70, 11.00.

N-(4-((ethylsulfonyl)oxy)-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-N-propylpropan-1-aminiumchloride:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Deuterium Oxide) δ 7.45 (dd, J = 8.3, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (s, 1H), 7.19 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.60 (q, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 3.48 - 3.34 (m, 2H), 3.34 - 3.19 (m, 2H), 3.07 (dd, J = 10.4, 5.6 Hz, 4H), 1.62 (dq, J = 13.8, 7.8, 6.8 Hz, 4H), 1.48 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 3H), 0.85 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 142.71, 139.09, 125.04, 121.98, 119.65, 111.57, 110.87, 108.22, 54.47, 54.33, 45.25, 20.77, 17.11, 11.16, 8.21.

N-(4-((phenylsulfonyl)oxy)-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-N-propylpropan-1-ammonium Chloride:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 11.51 (s, 1H), 10.00 (s, 1H), 7.85 (dd, J = 8.4, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 7.68 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.39 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.27 (s, 1H), 7.06 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.25 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.41 (dd, J = 11.3, 5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.29 (dd, J = 11.2, 5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.09 (dd, J = 14.7, 7.3 Hz, 4H), 1.90 (dq, J = 15.1, 7.4 Hz, 4H), 1.00 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 142.72, 139.01, 135.80, 134.46, 129.31, 128.55, 125.11, 121.56, 119.78, 111.52, 111.45, 108.20, 54.55, 54.35, 20.73, 17.15, 11.18.

3-(dipropylamino)ethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl Benzoate:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 9.56 (s, 1H), 8.36 - 8.22 (m, 2H), 7.71 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.16 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 3.15 (dd, J = 10.7, 5.5 Hz, 2H), 3.00 (dd, J = 10.7, 5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.60 - 2.39 (m, 4H), 1.54 (dq, J = 14.7, 7.3 Hz, 4H), 0.70 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 6H); ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 165.73, 143.68, 138.72, 134.16, 130.28, 129.54, 129.10, 124.04, 122.26, 119.47, 112.39, 110.21, 108.50, 54.55, 53.93, 21.30, 16.98, 11.07.

3-(dipropylamino)ethyl)-1H-indol-4-yl Ethanesulfonate:

¹H NMR (400 MHz, Chloroform-d) δ 8.86 (s, 1H), 7.34 (dd, J = 8.1, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.06 - 6.92 (m, 2H), 3.42 (q, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 3.32 = 3.17 (m, 2H), 3.12 - 2.91 (m, 2H), 2.75 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 4H), 1.67 (h, J = 7.2 Hz, 4H), 1.56 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 3H), 0.93 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 6H).

Example 2: In Vitro Plasma Stability 2.1 Materials

Human plasma (Bioreclamation, Cat#: BRH470404, male:female=1:1,v:v); Rat plasma (HDB, Cat#: HDB_RsP_20221120, male:female=1:1,v:v); C57 Mouse plasma (HDB, Cat#: HDB_MsP_202201120, male:female=1:1,v:v); Male cynomolgus monkey plasma (RILD, Cat#: MP210107-P). Analytical grade inorganic salts were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co. (Shanghai, China). HPLC grade organic solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. Distilled water, prepared from demineralized water, was used throughout the study.

2.2 Procedure

Stock solution of test compound was provided in 100% DMSO. The stock solution for each compound was diluted into 100 µM with ACN(50%) and then diluted into plasma of different species (pH 7.4) to achieve a final concentration of 1.0 µM.

1.0 µM of test compound in duplicate was incubated in plasma at 37° C. Aliquots of 50 µL or 80 µL sample were collected at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 h.

An aliquot of 50 µL samples were collected at various time points, and mixed with 300 µL of ice-cold 100% acetonitrile containing internal standard. After centrifuging the plate at 4000 rpm for 20 min, 50 µL of supernatants were added with 100 µL H₂O, mix well and analyzed with UPLC-MS/MS.

2.3 LC-MS/MS Analysis

A Waters liquid chromatographic system was used. Detection was performed on an API4000 Q-Trap and API5500 mass spectrometer equipped with TurbolonSpray (ESI) Interface (Applied Biosystems, Concord, Ontario, Canada). Analyst 1.5 and 1.6.2 software packages (Applied Biosystems) were used to control the LC-MS/MS system, as well as for data acquisition and processing.

Chromatographic separation was achieved on the Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (50*2.1 mm ID, 1.7 µm) and Thermo Scientific AccucoreTM PFP column(100*2.1 ID mm, 2.6 µm). The column temperature was maintained at ambient temperature (25° C.). The flow rate was maintained at 0.6 mL/min and the mobile phases used were according to Tables 5-7.

TABLE 5 For test compounds Time (h) % water (0.1% formic acid) % acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid) Initial 95 5 0.20 95 5 0.80 5 95 1.20 5 95 1.21 95 5 1.50 95 5

TABLE 6 Procaine Time (h) % water (0.1% formic acid) % acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid) Initial 95 5 0.20 95 5 0.80 20 80 1.20 20 80 1.21 95 5 1.50 95 5

TABLE 7 Diltiazem Time (h) % water (0.1% formic acid) % acetonitrile (0.1% formic acid) Initial 90 10 1.20 10 90 1.40 10 90 1.41 90 10 1.50 90 10

The peak area ratio of test compound to internal standard is plotted as a percentage of the relevant zero time point control (% Remained) for each reaction. The rate of metabolism (k) is the slope of the linear regression from log percentage remaining versus incubation time. The T_(½) is calculated as -0.693/k.

Results

In vitro plasma stability results are summarized in Tables 8-11. 4-AcO-DMT is 4 acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine or psilacetin.

TABLE 8 Stability in human plasma Test Compound Species k T_(½) (h) Percent remaining after 2 h incubation (%) Procaine Human - <0.125 0.00 Diltiazem Human 0.108 6.40 80.5 4-AcO-DMT Human - <0.125 0.00 psilocin Human 0.034 20.5 97.9 psilocybin Human 0.849 0.82 19.4

TABLE 9 Stability in rat plasma Test Compound Species Strain k T_(½) (h) Percent remaining after 2 h incubation (%) Procaine Rat SD 0.347 2.00 52.0 Diltiazem Rat SD 0.103 6.75 78.8 4-AcO-DMT Rat SD - <0.125 0.00 psilocin Rat SD 0.092 7.54 86.2 psilocybin Rat SD -0.066 stable 113

TABLE 10 Stability in mouse plasma Test Compound Species Strain k T_(½) (h) Percent remaining after 2 h incubation (%) Procaine Mouse C57 11.212 <0.125 0.00 Diltiazem Mouse C57 0.065 10.6 87.9 4-AcO-DMT Mouse C57 - <0.125 0.00 psilocin Mouse C57 0.048 14.5 89.2 psilocybin Mouse C57 0.008 91.5 93.2

TABLE 11 Stability in monkey plasma Test Compound Species Strain k T_(½) (h) Percent remaining after 2 h incubation (%) Procaine Monkey cynomolgus 26.073 0.0 0.00 Diltiazem Monkey cynomolgus 0.054 12.8 90.5 4-AcO-DMT Monkey cynomolgus - <0.125 0.00 psilocin Monkey cynomolgus 0.039 17.9 92.8 psilocybin Monkey cynomolgus -0.046 stable 113

EMBODIMENTS

E1. A method of administering psilocin comprising:

-   administering a therapeutically effective amount of a psilocin     prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia) to a subject in need thereof,

-   wherein the ratio of a psilocin plasma concentration (A) to a     psilocin prodrug concentration (B) is greater than 10 at 1 hr. after     the administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula     (Ia); wherein formula (I) is:

-   

-   wherein     -   R₁ and R₂ are each independently a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a C₂-C₆         alkenyl;     -   one of R₃ and R₄ is hydrogen and the other of R₃ and R₄ is —OR₅,         —OC(O)R₅, —OC(O)OR₅, and -OSO₂R₅;     -   R₅is a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and     -   R₆, R₇, and R₈ are each independently selected from hydrogen or         a C₁-C₆ alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid-addition         salt thereof; and

-   formula (Ia) is:

-   

-   wherein     -   R_(1a) and R_(2a) are each independently a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a         C₂-C₆ alkenyl;     -   R_(3a) and R_(4a) are each independently selected from hydrogen,         —OR_(5a) —OC(O)R_(5a), —OC(O)OR_(5a) and —OSO₂R_(5a);     -   R_(5a) is a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl;         and     -   R_(6a), R_(7a) and R_(8a) are each independently selected from         hydrogen or a C₁-C₆ alkyl;     -   R_(9a) is hydrogen; and     -   X²⁻ is a pharmaceutically-acceptable dianion.

E2. The method of E1, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia) is administrated as an oral dosage composition.

E3. The method of E1 or E2, wherein the ratio of a psilocin plasma concentration (A) to a psilocin prodrug concentration (B) is greater than 20 at 1 hr. after the administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia).

E4. The method of E1 or E2, wherein the ratio of a psilocin plasma concentration (A) to a psilocin prodrug concentration (B) is greater than 10 at 0.5 hr. after the administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia).

E5. The method of E1 or E2, wherein the ratio of a psilocin plasma concentration (A) to a psilocin prodrug concentration (B) is greater than 50 at 1 hr. after the administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia).

E6. The method of E1 or E2, wherein the ratio of a psilocin plasma concentration (A) to a psilocin prodrug concentration (B) is greater than 100 at 2 hr. after the administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia).

E7. The method of E1 or E2, wherein the ratio of a psilocin plasma concentration (A) to a psilocin prodrug concentration (B) is greater than 1,000 at 2 hr. after the administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia).

E8. The method of E1 or E2, wherein the ratio of a psilocin plasma concentration (A) to a psilocin prodrug concentration (B) is greater than 10,000 at 2 hr. after the administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia).

E9. The method of E1 or E2, wherein the plasma is substantially free from the psilocin prodrug at 2 hr. after the administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia), wherein “substantially free from” may be less than 0.000001 ng/mL to less than 0.1 ng/mL, e.g., less than 0.1 ng/mL, less than 0.05 ng/mL, less than 0.01 ng/mL.

E10. The method of any one of E1-E9, wherein the ratio of B:A does not exceed 0.1 at any time after 0.1 hours following the administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia).

E11. The method of any one of E1-E9, wherein the ratio of B:A does not exceed 0.05 at any time after 0.1 hours following the administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia).

E12. The method of any one of E1-E9, wherein the ratio of B:A does not exceed 0.01 at any time after 0.1 hours following the administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia).

E13. The method of any one of E1-E12, wherein the psilocin prodrug is a psilocin prodrug of formula (I).

E14. The method of any one of E1-E12, wherein the psilocin prodrug is a psilocin prodrug of formula (Ia).

E15. The method of E13, wherein the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) is 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

E16. The method of E14, wherein the psilocin prodrug of formula (Ia) is a pharmaceutically acceptable dianion salt of 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine.

E17. The method of any one of E1-E16, wherein 1 to 70 mg of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia) is administered to produce a maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of psilocin of greater than 10 ng/mL within 0.1 to 1.0 hours after administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia), for example 1-10 mg, 10-20 mg, 20-30 mg, 30-40 mg, 40-50 mg, 50-60 mg, or 60-70 mg of the psilocin prodrug is administered.

E18. The method of E17, wherein the Cmax of psilocin is greater than 15 ng/mL.

E19. The method of E18, wherein the Cmax of psilocin is greater than 20 ng/mL. E19.

E20. The method of any one of E1-E19, wherein 1 to 5 mg of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia) is administered.

E21. The method of any one of E1-E19, wherein 5 to 50 mg of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia) is administered.

E22. The method of any one of E1-E19, wherein 10 to 30 mg of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia) is administered.

E23. The method of E1, wherein the plasma concentration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia) is less than 2 ng/mL (e.g., less than 1 ng/mL, less than 0.5 ng/mL, less than 0.1 ng/mL) at the psilocin Tmax.

E24. The method of E1, wherein the plasma concentration of psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia) is less than 2 ng/mL (e.g., less than 1 ng/mL, less than 0.5 ng/mL, less than 0.1 ng/mL) at 0.5 to 2 hr. after administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia), e.g., at 0.5 hr., 0.75 hr., 1.0 hr. 1.25 hr., 1.5 hr., or 2 hr. after administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia).

E25. A method of treating a disorder comprising:

-   administering a therapeutically effective amount of a psilocin     prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia) to a subject in need thereof,

-   wherein the ratio of a psilocin plasma concentration (A) to a     psilocin prodrug concentration (B) is greater than 10 at 1 hr. after     the administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula     (Ia), wherein formula (I) is:

-   

-   wherein     -   R₁ and R₂ are each independently a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a C₂-C₆         alkenyl;     -   one of R₃ and R₄ is hydrogen and the other of R₃ and R₄ is —OR₅,         —OC(O)R₅, —OC(O)OR₅, and -OSO₂R₅;     -   R₅ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and     -   R₆, R₇, and R₈ are each independently selected from hydrogen or         a C₁-C₆ alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid-addition         salt thereof; and

-   formula (Ia) is:

-   

-   wherein:     -   R_(1a) and R_(2a) are each independently a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a         C₂-C₆ alkenyl;     -   R_(3a) and R_(4a) are each independently selected from hydrogen,         —OR_(5a) —OC(O)R_(5a), —OC(O)OR_(5a), and —OSO₂R_(5a);     -   R_(5a) is a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl;         and     -   R_(6a), R_(7a) and R_(8a) are each independently selected from         hydrogen or a C₁-C₆ alkyl;     -   R_(9a) is hydrogen; and     -   X²⁻ is a pharmaceutically-acceptable dianion.

E26. The method of E25, wherein the disorder is anxiety.

E27. The method of E25, wherein the disorder is post-traumatic stress disorder.

E28. The method of E25, wherein the disorder is inflammation.

E29. The method of E25, wherein the disorder is pain.

E30. The method of E25, wherein the disorder is a neurological disorder.

E31. A method of treating a neurological disorder comprising administering an oral dosage form comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia), wherein a plasma concentration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia) is less than 1 ng/mL within 30 minutes after administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia);

-   wherein formula (I) is:

-   

-   wherein:     -   R₁ and R₂ are each independently a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a C₂-C₆         alkenyl;     -   one of R₃ and R₄ is hydrogen and the other of R₃ and R₄ is —OR₅,         —OC(O)R₅, —OC(O)OR₅, and —OSO₂R₅;     -   R₅ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and     -   R₆, R₇, and R₈ are each independently selected from hydrogen or         a C₁-C₆ alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid-addition         salt thereof; and

-   formula (Ia) is:

-   

-   wherein:     -   R_(1a) and R_(2a) are each independently a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a         C₂-C₆ alkenyl;     -   R_(3a) and R_(4a) are each independently selected from hydrogen,         —OR_(5a) —OC(O)R_(5a), —OC(O)OR_(5a), and —OSO₂R_(5a);     -   R_(5a) is a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl;         and     -   R_(6a), R_(7a) and R_(8a) are each independently selected from         hydrogen or a C₁-C₆ alkyl;     -   R_(9a) is hydrogen; and     -   X²⁻ is a pharmaceutically-acceptable dianion.

E32. The method of E31, wherein the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) is 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

E33. The method of E31 or E32, wherein the plasma concentration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia) is less than 1 ng/mL within 20 minutes after administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia).

E34. The method of any one of E31-E33, wherein the plasma concentration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia) is less than 1 ng/mL within 10 minutes after administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia).

E35. The method of any one of E31-E34, wherein the plasma concentration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia) is less than 1 ng/mL within 5 minutes after administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia).

E36. The method of any one of E1, E25, or E31, wherein formula (Ia) is with the proviso that when R_(3a) is —OC(O)R_(5a) and R_(4a), R_(6a), R_(7a), R_(8a), and R_(9a) are hydrogen, then R_(5a) is not methyl when either both R_(1a) and R_(2a) are methyl or one of R_(1a) and R_(2a) is ethyl and the other of R_(1a) and R_(2a) is propyl; and with the proviso that when R_(4a) is —OR_(5a) and R_(3a), R_(6a), R_(7a), R_(8a), and R_(9a) are hydrogen, then R_(5a) is not methyl when either both R_(1a) and R_(2a) are propyl or both R_(1a) and R_(2a) are allyl.

REFERENCES

Carhart-Harris, R. L. & Goodwin, G. M. (2017). Neuropsychopharmacology, 42, 2105-2113. Dinis-Oliveira, R. J. (2017). Drug Metab. Rev. 49, 84-91.

Johnson, M. W. & Griffiths, R. R. (2017). Neurotherapeutics 14, 734-740.

C. Lenz, J. Wick and D. Hoffmeister, J. Nat. Prod., 2017, 80, 2835-2838.

A. M. Sherwood, A. L. Halberstadt, A. K. Klein, J. D. McCorvy, K. W. Kaylo, R. B. Kargbo and P. Meisenheimer, J. Nat. Prod., Article ASAP, DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01061.

Sheldrick, G. M. (2008). Acta Cryst. A64, 112-122.

Sheldrick, G. M. (2015). Acta Cryst. C71, 3-8.

Dolomanov, O. V., Bourhis, L. J., Gildea, R. J., Howard, J. A. K. & Puschmann, H. (2009). J. Appl. Cryst. 42, 339-341. 

The claimed invention is:
 1. A method of administering psilocin comprising: administering a therapeutically effective amount of a psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia) to a subject in need thereof, wherein the ratio of psilocin plasma concentration (A) to psilocin prodrug concentration (B) is greater than 10 at 1 hr. after the administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia); wherein formula (I) is:

wherein: R₁ and R₂ are each independently a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a C₂-C₆ alkenyl; one of R₃ and R₄ is hydrogen and the other of R₃ and R₄ is —OR₅, —OC(O)R₅, —OC(O)OR₅, and —OSO₂R₅; R₅ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and R₆, R₇, and R₈ are each independently selected from hydrogen or a C₁-C₆ alkyl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid-addition salt thereof; and formula (Ia) is:

wherein: R_(1a) and R_(2a) are each independently a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a C₂-C₆ alkenyl; R_(3a) and R_(4a) are each independently selected from hydrogen, —OR_(5a), —OC(O)R_(5a), —OC(O)OR_(5a), and —OSO₂R_(5a); R_(5a) is a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and R_(6a), R_(7a) and R_(8a) are each independently selected from hydrogen or a C₁-C₆ alkyl; R_(9a) is hydrogen; and X²⁻ is a pharmaceutically-acceptable dianion.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia) is administrated as an oral dosage composition.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of psilocin plasma concentration (A) to psilocin prodrug concentration (B) is greater than 20 at 1 hr. after the administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia).
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of B:A does not exceed 0.1 at any time after 0.1 hours following the administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia).
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the psilocin prodrug is a psilocin prodrug of formula (I).
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the psilocin prodrug is a psilocin prodrug of formula (Ia).
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) is 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the psilocin prodrug of formula (Ia) is a pharmaceutically acceptable dianion salt of 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein 1 to 70 mg of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia) is administered to produce a maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of psilocin of greater than 10 ng/mL within 0.1 to 1.0 hours after administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia).
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein 1 to 5 mg of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia) is administered.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein 5 to 50 mg of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia) is administered.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein 10 to 30 mg of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia) is administered.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the plasma concentration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia) is less than 2 ng/mL at the psilocin Tmax.
 14. A method of treating a disorder comprising: administering a therapeutically effective amount of a psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia) to a subject in need thereof, wherein the ratio of a psilocin plasma concentration (A) to a psilocin prodrug concentration (B) is greater than 10 at 1 hr. after the administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia), wherein formula (I) is:

wherein: R₁ and R₂ are each independently a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a C₂-C₆ alkenyl; one of R₃ and R₄ is hydrogen and the other of R₃ and R₄ is —OR₅, —OC(O)R₅, —OC(O)OR₅, and —OSO₂R₅; R₅ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and R₆, R₇, and R₈ are each independently selected from hydrogen or a C₁-C₆ alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid-addition salt thereof; and formula (Ia) is:

wherein: R_(1a) and R_(2a) are each independently a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a C₂-C₆ alkenyl; R_(3a) and R_(4a) are each independently selected from hydrogen, —OR_(5a), —OC(O)R_(5a), —OC(O)OR_(5a), and —OSO₂R_(5a); R_(5a) is a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and R_(6a), R_(7a) and R_(8a) are each independently selected from hydrogen or a C₁-C₆ alkyl; R_(9a) is hydrogen; and X²⁻ is a pharmaceutically-acceptable dianion.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the disorder is selected from the group consisting of anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, inflammation, pain, and a neurological disorder.
 16. A method of treating a neurological disorder comprising administering an oral dosage form comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia), wherein the plasma concentration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia) is less than 1 ng/mL within 30 minutes after administration of the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) or formula (Ia); wherein formula (I) is:

wherein: R₁ and R₂ are each independently a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a C₂-C₆ alkenyl; one of R₃ and R₄ is hydrogen and the other of R₃ and R₄ is —OR₅, —OC(O)R₅, —OC(O)OR₅, and —OSO₂R₅; R₅ is a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and R₆, R₇, and R₈ are each independently selected from hydrogen or a C₁-C₆ alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable acid-addition salt thereof; and formula (Ia) is:

wherein R_(1a) and R_(2a) are each independently a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a C₂-C₆ alkenyl; R_(3a) and R_(4a) are each independently selected from hydrogen, —OR_(5a), —OC(O)R_(5a), —OC(O)OR_(5a), and —OSO₂R_(5a); R_(5a) is a C₁-C₆ alkyl or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl; and R_(6a), R_(7a) and R_(8a) are each independently selected from hydrogen or a C₁-C₆ alkyl; R_(9a) is hydrogen; and X²⁻ is a pharmaceutically-acceptable dianion.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the psilocin prodrug of formula (I) is 4-acetoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein formula (Ia) is with the proviso that when R_(3a) is —OC(O)R_(5a) and R_(4a), R_(6a), R_(7a), R_(8a), and R_(9a) are hydrogen, then R_(5a) is not methyl when either both R_(1a) and R_(2a) are methyl or one of R_(1a) and R_(2a) is ethyl and the other of R_(1a) and R_(2a) is propyl; and with the proviso that when R_(4a) is —OR_(5a) and R_(3a), R_(6a), R_(7a), R_(8a), and R_(9a) are hydrogen, then R_(5a) is not methyl when either both R_(1a) and R_(2a) are propyl or both R_(1a) and R_(2a) are allyl.
 19. The method of claim 14, wherein formula (Ia) is with the proviso that when R_(3a) is —OC(O)R_(5a) and R_(4a), R_(6a), R_(7a), R_(8a), and R_(9a) are hydrogen, then R_(5a) is not methyl when either both R_(1a) and R_(2a) are methyl or one of R_(1a) and R_(2a) is ethyl and the other of R_(1a) and R_(2a) is propyl; and with the proviso that when R_(4a) is —OR_(5a) and R_(3a), R_(6a), R_(7a), R_(8a), and R_(9a) are hydrogen, then R_(5a) is not methyl when either both R_(1a) and R_(2a) are propyl or both R_(1a) and R_(2a) are allyl.
 20. The method of claim 16, wherein formula (Ia) is with the proviso that when R_(3a) is —OC(O)R_(5a) and R_(4a), R_(6a), R_(7a), R_(8a), and R_(9a) are hydrogen, then R_(5a) is not methyl when either both R_(1a) and R_(2a) are methyl or one of R_(1a) and R_(2a) is ethyl and the other of R_(1a) and R_(2a) is propyl; and with the proviso that when R_(4a) is —OR_(5a) and R_(3a), R_(6a), R_(7a), R_(8a), and R_(9a) are hydrogen, then R_(5a) is not methyl when either both R_(1a) and R_(2a) are propyl or both R_(1a) and R_(2a) are allyl. 